theorized that early metformin treatment either 1) downregulates TNF-α and IFN-γ, or 2) suppresses anti-tuberculosis agents (Lin et al., 2007; Hyun et al., 2013; Singhal et al., 2014; Caporali et al., 2021; Heo et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and tuberculosis.