DUX4c has mixed effects on proliferation depending on the study either not affecting viability of human myoblasts, or increasing the proliferative capacity of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, but reducing that of murine myoblasts (Bosnakovski et al., 2008a; Ansseau et al., 2009; Knopp et al., 2016; Bosnakovski et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene DUX4L9 and rhabdomyosarcoma.