LIF and cancer: More recently, other cytokines have been identified as mediators of cancer-induced muscle wasting such as TNF-like inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), TNF receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (Smith et al., 2007; Kumar, Bhatnagar and Paul, 2012; Johnston et al., 2015; Kandarian et al., 2018).