Anti-cancer immunotherapy targeting either one or a combination of PD-L1, TGFβ or VEGF has demonstrated a synergistic anti-tumor effect and is subjected to ongoing research (Ciardiello et al., 2020; Courau et al., 2016; Gulley et al., 2021; Hack et al., 2020). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.