HBA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We found that after adjusting age, diabetes duration, FPG and HbA1 of patients in each group, the serum levels of IAA were statistically significant in NPDR vs Control (P = 0.035), T2DM vs NPDR (P < 0.001) and NPDR vs PDR (P = 0.001), the serum CDCA level was statistically significant in NPDR vs PDR (P = 0.028), and the serum Cit level was also of borderline statistical significance in T2DM vs NPDR (P = 0.056).