TNF and neoplasm: Tumor cells and macrophages migrating to the foci of necrosis secrete factors that stimulate angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), epidermal growth factor (EPF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [32,33].