TRPV1 activation induced a production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in KCs (Southall et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2020). The gene discussed is PTGS2; the disease is dry eye syndrome.