In a tibia fracture and immobilization rat model of CRPS I, an increased expression of SP and CGPR was observed in the sciatic nerve, while KCs in hindpaw skin were activated and underwent rapid proliferation with an enhanced expression of NK1 (Li et al., 2009, 2010; Wei et al., 2009a,2012, 2016; Kingery, 2010; Guo et al., 2014). Here, TBCE is linked to complex regional pain syndrome type 1.