In addition, the enhanced PDPN expression in CAFs was confirmed to accelerate the invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells by promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Naito et al., 2016) and induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment through increasing transforming growth factor‐β and interleukin (IL)‐10 to escape the immune response of the host (Suzuki et al., 2021). Here, PDPN is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.