NLRP3 and infection: Using real-time microscopy, we found that in contrast with the negligible cell death observed upon infection of Nlrp3-/- BMDMs (Figure 4a and b), V. proteolyticus strains containing an active T6SS3 (i.e., Δvprh/Δhns1 and Δvprh/Δhns1/T6SS1-) induced a significant cell death in the absence of GSDMD, albeit delayed, compared to that observed in BMDMs from WT mice.