TNF and metabolic syndrome: A study with 117 subjects with metabolic syndrome identified that those who received 1g/day of curcumin for eight weeks experienced reductions not only in LDL-c, TC and FG but also in pro-inflammatory markers, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (p < 0.001) when compared with the PG (33).