Our data demonstrate a general IUGR-independent effect of the diet intervention on key proteins in lipid metabolism related to the GO terms lipid metabolic process, fatty acid ß-oxidation, PPAR signaling, and peroxisome. Consequently, a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs and choline may enhance β-oxidation, excess the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, and enhance the synthesis of β-hydroxybutyrate (38, 39). Here, PPARA is linked to fetal growth restriction.