TNF and neoplasm: In most solid tumors, M1 macrophages exhibit anti-tumor effect, expressing specific M1 markers like CD86 and CD80 and secreting cytokines such as interleukin (IL)6, IL12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, whereas M2 macrophages can support the malignant progression of tumor, expressing CD163, CD204 and CD206 and secreting IL4, IL10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and arginase (Arg)-1 [4, 8, 12, 13].