For example, Kancha et al. functionally analyzed 30 EGFRmutations repeatedly found in NSCLC samples, demonstrating that many,but not all of them conferred ligand-independent EGFR activation.16 Surprisingly, four of those mutations resultedin inactive EGFR, thus highlighting that the mere presence of a mutation—evenif detected in a typical proto-oncogene like EGFR—does not provide sufficient evidence that the respectiveprotein is activated. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.