TNF and COVID-19: Several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, RANTES, TNF-α, anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10, and growth factors including IL-2, IL-5, FGF-basic, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to “NO-COVID-19” subjects.