IL1B and colonic neoplasm: Fernández et al. (2018) fed 10% GOS to colon cancer model mice. After 20 weeks of analysis of the colon tissue of the mice, it was found that feeding GOS significantly reduced the number of colon tumors. Meanwhile, metagenomic sequencing showed that the number of pro-inflammatory bacteria was reduced and the number of beneficial bacteria was significantly increased. In a clinical trial, GOS supplemented older adults found an increase in the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 and a decrease in IL-1β compared with placebo (Vulevic et al., 2015).