Of the islet-cell populations within the pancreas, the β-cells occupy the largest portion, and are considered sensory controllers that continually adjust the rate of insulin secretion to regulate systemic glucose concentrations (9, 10) Hence, their pathophysiologic destruction as a result of T1D impairs innate glucose counter-regulation and necessitates a dependency on exogenous insulin. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.