As discussed above, DAMPs and PAMPs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SIRS and sepsis through PRRs in the short and long term, thus the timing of assessing a trauma patient for these as biomarkers and analysis and interpretation of the levels of various markers including HMGB-1, S100 proteins, TLRs, RAGE, sRAGE, HSPs, HLA-DRs, and cytokines is of utmost importance. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.