TNF and ulcerative colitis: In rats with ulcerative colitis, SBS could upregulate the expression of IκBα, downregulate the protein and mRNA expression of NF-κB p65, IκKβ, reduce the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which suggested that SBS suppressed inflammatory response and alleviated colonic tissue injure by inhibiting macrophage transition to M1 phenotype (Li ZH.