Chronic inflammation, and progressive NIH, and atherosclerosis are associated with vessel thrombosis and stenosis, and increased expression of inflammatory mediators TREM-1, regulated by TLR-4 activation [9, 18, 23, 37, 38], might play a role in sterile inflammation in AVF maturation failure and patency of AVF [39]. Here, TREM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.