TNF and neoplasm: In addition to GM-CSF, cytokines such as TNF, IFN-α/β, IL-12, IL-7, or chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10 have been tested as immune enhancers in the genomes of oncolytic viruses, and some of them have shown their abilities to promote antitumor activities in preclinical tumor models and clinical trials [72].