TNF and infection: Inflammation, the second stage in the wound healing processes, occurs 5–7 h after skin disruption and involves the participation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), that promote vasoconstriction and the activation of neutrophils and macrophages to fight infection and remove debris [3].