CASP3 and colorectal carcinoma: Binbreak et al. treated HepG2, A549 (lung carcinoma), HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), and MCF-7 (hormone-dependent breast cancer) cells with methanolic extract of A. fragrantissima leaves and reported cytotoxic bioactivity of the extract against A549 cells with induction of apoptosis, including activation of caspase-3, increased p53 and Bax expression, and down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression [47].