TGFB1 and cancer: Vitamin D prevented the TGF-β-induced mesenchymal transition and thus the transformation of the peritoneal mesothelial cells into cancer-associated mesothelial cells (CAM) by maintaining high e-cadherin levels and blocking the upregulation of the EMT-associated markers α-smooth muscle actin, slug and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 9 and 2, and that of thrombospondin-1, a gene involved in both the TGF-β and focal adhesion pathways [52].