The NF-κB signaling pathway is a key part of the immune response, as it is essential to inflammatory processes due to its importance in the transcription of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) [39], as well as its important role in the airway remodeling action of COPD. Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.