INS and Insulin resistance: Insulin-resistance inducers, such as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ), are phosphorylated by palmitate and cause changes in the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) residue, thereby promoting the insulin resistance indicator IRS-1 serine (IRS-1ser) [8].