IRS1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: With the increase in the expression of insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) in type 2 diabetic rats, it indicated that adzuki bean polysaccharides regulated glucose metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus achieving an antidiabetic effect [87].