DPP4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: One of the studies revealed the presence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which has been shown to be effective in the management of diabetes mellitus by affecting the insulin resistance pathway and acting on various downstream pathways, including GSK3B, TNF, MAPK1, INSR, and DPP4, and thus shown to be effective in the management of T2D and various other inflammatory disorders [45].