As demonstrated in Figure 6F–I, significant increases (~1.5 to 1.7-fold) in the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were observed in the ethanol group relative to the control group, indicating that binge alcohol exposure caused hepatic injury and hepatitis. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hepatitis A virus infection.