TNF and neoplasm: By inhibiting the inflammatory response (promoting the production of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 and inhibiting the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α), enhancing the killing activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the phagocytic function of macrophages, and increasing the levels of total intracellular granzyme-B and IFN-γ, SMPA significantly inhibited tumor growth in N-methyl-N’-nitro-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric cancer rats [138].