MSTN and congestive heart failure: Based on the findings of Léger et al. examining the skeletal muscle [9], the present study investigated the myostatin/AKT/FOXO pathway and the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1 in IDCM and NIDCM to evaluate whether the upstream pathway, which regulates the expression of both E3 ligases, is changed in chronic heart failure and can therefore serve as a potential drug target to treat cardiomyopathies.