Furthermore, it was previously shown that IL-1β stimulation promoted the stemness of HNSCC cells via the Smad/ID1 pathway, while similar research on the effects of this cytokine on the tumor microenvironment revealed that IL-1β levels correlate with the stages of malignant transformation in different subtypes of HNSCC [40,41]. Here, ID1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.