KEAP1 and Insulin resistance: Elevated ROS can in turn act as second messengers to redox-modify multiple proteins, including PKC, IκB kinase β, and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), as well as activating alternative downstream signaling pathways that play critical roles in β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, facilitating the development of DM and its complications [178,179].