Using murine colon carcinoma (CT26) allograft models, we examined the efficacy and elucidated novel tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling mechanisms underlying the combination of chidamide (a benzamide-based class l histone deacetylase inhibitor; brand name in Taiwan, Kepida®) with VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs; cabozantinib/regorafenib, etc.)and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 antibodies). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.