HIF1A and cancer: Lactate plays particularly important roles in these processes: it activates the glycolytic pathway, stimulates angiogenesis and spreading of cancer cells from the primary site, promotes upregulation of HIF-1, destabilizes the immune system, impedes the function of specific immune cells (including cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and cytokine release, and stimulates cell motility [393,394,395,396,397].