After infection of human cells with dengue virus (DENV) and East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and during infection of rat cells with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), host cells may release multiple inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) [15,16,17]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.