Preclinical, clinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies found both reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) secreted both by leukocytes and by dendritic cells exposed to CLD [7,16]. Here, TNF is linked to congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.