It is notable that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), aconitase, voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), the ATP synthase alpha-chain, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-actin, and alpha-tubulin—which are either mitochondrial proteins or are known to interact with mitochondria—have been identified as oxidation targets in AD brains. The gene discussed is GAPDH; the disease is Alzheimer disease.