RAD50 and infection: Apart from HSV-1, ATM kinase also facilitates the infection of the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) [39] and human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) [40], while MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) complex, a multifunctional DDR machine, can bind to Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) viral genomes and activate a localized ATM, which prevents viral replication at the earliest stages [41].