TNF and dilated cardiomyopathy: The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α are increased in patients with CCC and digestive disease compared to patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [21,45] and these stimuli are reported to be mitochondrial dysfunction inducers by causing damage to cardiac tissue [3,24,27] and, in in vitro cardiomyocytes [46], promoting an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) [45,47,48,49].