NFKB1 and cancer: During virus replication, HBx is also localized in the nucleus where it is associated with transcriptional complexes supporting expression of ccc HBV DNA and host genes that mediate hallmarks of cancer (e.g., activation of signaling pathways mediated by ras, src, myc, PI3K, NF-κB, and histone deacetylases) [62,102].