CSF2 and neoplasm: In phase III trial OPTiM, in patients with unresectable melanoma, i.t. administrated T-VEC proved clear survival benefits with complete responses in 16.9% patients versus 0.7% of the control group received s.c. injections of recombinant GM-CSF, with best results in earlier stage metastatic melanoma of lower initial tumour size [181].