VEGFA and diabetic retinopathy: The cardioprotective action of metformin via TGFβ1 inhibition is in line with the previous molecular dynamic simulations showing that metformin directly interacts with TGFβ1, therefore inhibiting its binding with receptors and attenuating its downstream signalling [77]; moreover, the IPA predicted inhibition of VEGF is also in line with a prior diabetic mice model study, which demonstrated that metformin attenuated VEGF signaling activation in the development of diabetic retinopathy [78].