TGFB1 and cardiac hypertrophy: In animal studies, mice subjected to transverse aortic arch constriction exhibited elevated level of TGFβ1 [96]; moreover, TGFβ1-deficient mice subjected to angiotensin II were demonstrated to attenuate angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy compared to wild-type mice that exhibited impaired cardiac function and over 20% increase in left ventricular mass [97].