TNF and gastric ulcer: However, on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer mice, PAE was capable of lowering the stimulation of the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-covering 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1 channel, while impacting inflammation by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines (IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) [24].