In addition, dimethyl fumarate22 which has been approved for the first-line treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis [175]; dihydroartemisinin which is traditionally used to treat malaria [100]; chloroquine23 which has been used for malaria treatment [176]; and proton pump inhibitors such as esomeprazole24 [156] have all been shown to inhibit the progression of PF by Nrf2 signaling. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and malaria.