In humans, breast cancer patients with low TIL levels (<5%) at their primary tumour express higher levels of immune checkpoint molecules, including CTLA-4 and OX-40, in their tumour-draining LNs than patients with high TIL levels (>50%) [57], leading to the conjecture that the tumour-draining LN is one source of TILs and that T cell deactivation in the tumour-draining LN may contribute to a dampened immune response at the primary tumour site. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and breast carcinoma.