TFF1 and breast carcinoma: It has been suggested that TFF1 and other TFF family members play an essential role in mucosal protection and repair [15,23], and the involvement of TFF1 downregulation in tumorigenesis was demonstrated in a variety of cancer cells, including gastric carcinoma [17,24,25], breast cancer [26], hepatocellular cancer [27], and pancreatic cancer [28].