Immune pre-conditioning is somehow supported by the translational findings of the ExiST trial, where induction with galunisertib apparently evoked a decrease in the proportion of peripheral blood CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells and a synchronous increase in tumor-infiltrating CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells by day 15 of CRT, though acknowledging that the non-randomized study design does not allow one to clearly differentiate the relative impact of TGF-β blockade and CRT on T cells dynamics [30]. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.