PTGS2 and neoplasm: KD reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), which are involved in tumor growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and DNA damage [96,97].