CASP3 and posterior cortical atrophy: The anti-proliferative effect of VPA was firstly observed in LNCaP human PCa cells, where, by acting as histone deacetylases inhibitor, it caused the down-regulation of the well-established PCa hallmark prostate-specific antigen (PSA), as well as the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic caspase-3, of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 [126].