AR and posterior cortical atrophy: However, multiple other mechanisms have been proposed for VPA-dependent growth inhibition of PCa cells both in vitro and in vivo, including cell cycle arrest (decreases the S phase and Cyclin A [131], increase in Cyclin D2 [132], p21 and p27 [131] and decrease in PCNA, cyclin D1 and AR expressions have been reported), apoptosis, autophagy [133] (through the Akt/mTOR pathway inactivation [134]), senescence, and angiogenesis inhibition [135,136].