AFP and neoplasm: Another study performed by Zuo et al. evaluated the efficacy of a DC-derived exosome vaccine, which was prepared by co-conjugating an immortalized DC-line-derived exosome with an AFP-derived epitope AFP212, an HCC tumor-targeting peptide P47, and a functional domain of high mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1), an immunoadjuvant capable of promoting DC recruitment and activation, in treating HCC [61].