AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Another completed phase I/IIa (KCT0000427) clinical trial and completed phase II (KCT0000008) clinical trial, both conducted by Lee et al., evaluated the safety and efficacy of a mature DC vaccine co-pulsed with AFP, MAGE-1, and GPC-3 proteins and given in combination with surgical resection, RFA, PEI, or TACE in treating patients with primary HCC [46,47].