Another completed phase I clinical trial (JPRN-UMIN000011854) evaluated the safety and feasibility of a mature-DC vaccine, which was co-pulsed with the recombinant proteins of three HCC tumor markers, namely AFP, melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-1), and glypican-3 (GPC-3), in treating patients with refractory primary or recurrent HCC. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.